Human Exposure and Risk Assessment Due to Toxic Heavy Metals in Groundwater of Larkana City

In this study, groundwater of 10 union councils of Larkana city was assessed by using atomic absorption spectrometry following microwave-assisted digestion. A total of 110 groundwater samples were collected by using a Global Positioning System. The results revealed that iron, zinc, nickel, copper, and lead present in the groundwater of Larkana city were within the level of 0.002–0.6 mg/L, 0.02–0.42 mg/L, 1–14.0 mg/L, 0.01–0.87 mg/L, and 0.01–12.0 mg/L, respectively. A total of 38% and 16% of samples showed a higher concentration of iron and lead, respectively. While other elements in the analyzed samples were within the safe limits set by WHO guidelines.