Sleep Quality, Depression, and Cognitive Function in Non-Demented Older Adults

Background: Both sleep quality and depression could affect cognitive performance in older adults. Previous studies have suggested that there are bi-directional relationships between sleep quality and depression. Possibly, the influence of sleep quality on cognition is partly mediated by depression, and vice versa. Objective: We aimed to assess the mediation effects of sleep quality and depression on each other's relationship with various cognitive functions in non-demented older adults. Methods: Correlations were examined among sleep quality indices, depressive severity score, and five cognitive functions in 206 cognitively normal (CN) older adults and all participants that included these CN and 40 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) individuals. We then analyzed the mediation effects for the significant cognitive correlations of sleep disturbance and depression using the bias-corrected Bootstrap method in the two populations. Results: Both sleep disturbance and depression were significantly correlated with memory recall and processing speed. In CN, depression could mediate the relationships of sleep disturbance with both cognitive functions, while sleep disturbance could only mediate the relationship of depression with processing speed, but not memory recall. However, in all participants, sleep disturbance could mediate the relationships of depression with both cognitive functions. Conclusion: Different mediation effects in the two models in CN older adults might suggest differential mechanisms underlying the pathways from sleep disturbance and depression to various cognitive functions. The mediation results in all participants might indicate that the mechanisms underlying the pathways from sleep disturbance and depression to memory recall were different between MCI and CN older adults.