Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Nordic Coastal Ecosystems – an IPBES-like assessment Summary for Policy Makers

.................................................................................................................................. 9 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 11 Important characteristics of case study sites ...................................................................... 11 References ....................................................................................................................... 20 1. Neiden/Näätämö ............................................................................................................... 21 1.1 Setting the scene .................................................................................................... 21 1.2 Key Ecosystem Services .......................................................................................... 23 1.3 Biodiversity and ecosystem characteristics .............................................................. 23 1.4 Drivers and pressures ............................................................................................. 25 1.5 Governance of ecosystem services and influencing policies .................................... 26 1.6 Insights from indigenous and local knowledge........................................................ 29 1.7 References ..............................................................................................................30 2. Kalix archipelago: Biodiversity, ecosystems, local knowledge and customary use ............... 31 2.1 Setting the scene .................................................................................................... 31 2.2 Governance of ecosystem services and influencing policies .....................................34 2.3 Status and trends for biodiversity and ecosystems ..................................................39 2.4 Direct and indirect drivers ....................................................................................... 51 2.5 Current and future interactions between nature and society .................................... 53 2.6 Governance of ecosystem services ......................................................................... 54 2.7 References ............................................................................................................. 60 2.8 Annex: Nature’s contribution to people in the Kalix archipelago ............................. 62 3. Kvarken – The Quark ........................................................................................................ 65 3.1 Setting the scene ................................................................................................... 66 3.2 Key Ecosystem Services in the Quark ..................................................................... 68 3.3 Importance of ecosystem services for security, health and quality of life in the Quark ............................................................................................................ 71 3.4 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Characteristics in the Quark ......................................... 73 3.5 Biodiversity status of the Quark .............................................................................. 79 3.6 Direct and Indirect Drivers in the Quark .................................................................. 80 3.7 Governance of ecosystem services and influencing policies – national directives implemented regionally in the Quark ...................................................................... 87 3.8 Insights from indigenous and local knowledge – From past to present .................... 90 3.9 References ............................................................................................................. 99 3.10 Annex: SeaGIS 2.0 Interreg-project ....................................................................... 100 4. Lake Puruvesi, North Karelia and South Savo, Finland – Representing the Ecoregion: Saimaa ............................................................................................................................ 101 4.1 Setting the scene .................................................................................................. 102 4.2 Key Ecosystem Services ........................................................................................ 103 4.3 Biodiversity and ecosystem characteristics ............................................................ 106 4.4 Drivers and pressures ............................................................................................ 107 4.5 Governance of ecosystem services and influencing policies ................................... 109 4.6 Insights from indigenous and local knowledge....................................................... 110 4.7 References ............................................................................................................ 112 5. Lumparn ..........................................................................................................................113 5.1 Setting the scene ...................................................................................................113 5.2 Key ecosystem services ........................................................................................ 116 5.3 Biodiversity and ecosystems characteristics ........................................................... 117 5.4 Drivers of change .................................................................................................. 123 5.5 Knowledge gaps and recommendations for policy makers .................................... 126 5.6 References ............................................................................................................133 6. The Sound: Biodiversity and ecosystem services in a densely populated and heavily exploited area ................................................................................................................. 135 6.1 Setting the scene .................................................................................................. 135 6.2 Key Ecosystem Services......................................................................................... 137 6.3 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Characteristics........................................................... 143 6.4 Drivers and Pressures ........................................................................................... 154 6.5 Governance of ecosystem services and influencing policies ................................... 159 6.6 Insights from indigenous and local knowledge ...................................................... 164 6.7 Concluding remarks .............................................................................................. 166 6.8 References ........................................................................................................... 168 7. Helgeland: An Atlantic archipelago (Norway) ................................................................... 173 7.1 Setting the scene ................................................................................................... 173 7.2 Key Ecosystem Services.........................................................................................175 7.3 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Characteristics........................................................... 182 7.4 Drivers and Pressures ........................................................................................... 190 7.5 Governance of ecosystem services and influencing policies ................................... 196 7.6 Insights from indigenous and local knowledge ...................................................... 200 7.7 References ........................................................................................................... 202 8. Faroe Islands (Føroyar) .................................................................................................... 207 8.1 Setting the scene .................................................................................................. 207 8.2 Nature’s contributions to people ........................................................................... 210 8.3 Biodiversity and ecosystem characteristics ........................................................... 215 8.4 Drivers and pressures............................................................................................ 217 8.5 Governance of ecosystem services and influencing policies ................................... 223 8.6 Insights from indigenous and local knowledge ...................................................... 224 8.7 References ........................................................................................................... 227 9. Disko Bay ........................................................................................................................ 229 9.1 Setting the scene .................................................................................................. 229 9.2 Key Ecosystem Services in Disko Bay .................................................................... 231 9.3 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Characteristics in Disko Bay ....................................... 234 9.4 Direct and indirect drivers of change ..................................................................... 238 9.5 Governance of ecosystem services and influencing policies ................................... 241 9.6 Insight from indigenous and local knowledge ........................................................ 243 9.7 References ........................................................................................................... 248 10. Iceland ............................................................................................................................ 251 10.1 Gendered Landscapes of Northern Icelandic Coasts and Rural Areas ........