Cmar_a_199817 3187..3196

Introduction Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common hematological malignancies in adults, with an incidence rate ranging from three to five cases per 1,00,000 population. AML is characterized by monoclonal expansion of abnormal myeloid precursors, resulting in impaired hematopoiesis and bone marrow failure. With the contemporary chemotherapy, the mortality rate is high especially among patients above 60 years of age, being approximately 70% within one year of diagnosis. Besides, less than 50% of AML patients achieved a complete response, and in most cases, the disease relapsed quickly and became refractory to standard treatment. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is the effective therapy available to refractory and relapsedAML patients. However, serious adverse events and graft-versus-host disease are often associated with allo-HSCT. Many AML patients are also not eligible for alloHSCT. Undoubtedly, new treatment modalities are urgently needed. Immunotherapies might be good alternatives, but reports of the clinical outcomes available in the literature were not very encouraging. The human immune system can recognize and eliminate autologous tumor cells expressing Correspondence: Jin Zhou Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, People’s Republic of China Tel +86 451 8555 5773 Email zhoujin1111@126.com