Valence and Ideological Proximity in the Rise of Nationalism: Party Support in the Spanish General Elections, 2008 and 2011

Spatial models of voting provide a formalization of the strategic process in which parties and voters compete in the elections. Following the logic of the classic spatial models, changes in party electoral support depend on the ideological distance between the parties and their electorates. However, a substantial share of the electoral volatility ∗len4ick@gmail.com †schofield.norman@gmail.com