Increasing Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis: Biomarkers Theranostic Strategy from Bench to Bedside- A Review

The Biomarker is a measurable indicator that can be used for a particular disease state or some other physiological state of an organism. Either molecular change in the DNA, RNA, peptides, proteins, lipid metabolites, and other small molecules can also serve as molecular diagnostic biomarkers. Molecular biomarkers have been used for evaluating and monitoring the clinical response to a therapeutic intervention. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the CNS with unknown etiology, which leads to myelin disruption in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged. This damage disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous system to communicate. To enhance the sensitivity and specificity of a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis predictions of MS disease it is important that laboratory testing and cellular medical imaging be incorporated. Therefore, biomarkers aimed to determine the prognosis, diagnosis, monitoring, and pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention. As a result, the biomarkers should have a high sensitivity and specificity index, as well as having clinical applications.