Erdo?s-Szekeres theorem for multidimensional arrays

JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY(2023)

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Abstract
The classical Erdos-Szekeres theorem dating back almost a hundred years states that any sequence of (n - 1)2 + 1 distinct real numbers contains a monotone subsequence of length n. This theorem has been generalised to higher dimensions in a variety of ways but perhaps the most natural one was proposed by Fishburn and Graham more than 25 years ago. They defined the concept of a monotone and a lex-monotone array and asked how large an array one needs in order to be able to find a monotone or a lex-monotone subarray of size n x & BULL; & BULL; & BULL; x n. Fishburn and Graham obtained Ackerman-type bounds in both cases. We significantly improve these results. Regardless of the dimension we obtain at most a triple exponential bound in n in the monotone case and a quadruple exponential one in the lex-monotone case.
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Key words
Erdos-Szekeres theorem, high-dimensional permutations, monotone arrays, Ramsey theory
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