Differences in stakeholder ability in addressing unethical

13 While several measures have been suggested to address unethical practices within the built 14 environment, it remains unclear whether some stakeholders are more able to influence improvement 15 in unethical practices than others, and if so whether such phenomenon manifests similarly or 16 differently in different national contexts. This study pioneers the exploration of: whether different 17 built environment profession stakeholders (i.e. the practitioner/individual professional, the 18 practitioner’s organization/company, and the professional body/association) have different abilities to 19 influence improvement (i.e. positive change) in unethical practices; and subsequently whether such 20 phenomenon manifests differently in different national contexts. The study used cross-sectional 21 surveys of built environment surveying professionals in three countries: Ghana, Nigeria and Tanzania. 22 The findings revealed that there are significant differences in the abilities of stakeholders to influence 23 improvement in unethical practices like political interference, and discrimination and nepotism. The 24 findings further revealed that differences in stakeholder ability to influence improvement in unethical 25 practices can manifest differently in different national contexts. The implication is that, in different 26 national contexts, specific stakeholders could play a leading role in efforts to address unethical 27 practices in which they are more capable of influencing improvement. 28 29