Title : GLP-2 as Beneficial Factor in the Glucose Homeostasis in Mice Fed a High Fat Diet

Objectives This study aims to evaluate the oral bioavailability and dissolution of tanshinone IIA (tanIIA) by preparation of solid dispersions (SDs) with porous silica. Methods SDs of tanIIA were prepared using a solvent method. The physicochemical properties, dissolution property, drug stability and in-vivo performance of the SDs prepared were all evaluated. Key findings Compared with tanIIA alone and corresponding physical mixtures, tanIIA from SDs showed remarkably improved in-vitro dissolution rate. After forming the SDs, tanIIA changed into an amorphous state, which can infer from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) also revealed the presence of interactions between tanIIA and porous silica in SDs. During the stability study, there is no significant decreasing in either the in-vitro dissolution or the drug content, which was observed following storage at room temperature for 12 months. The results of a pharmacokinetic study in rats showed the areas under the concentration–time curve from 0 h to 24 h (AUC0–24h) for the SDs and tanIIA were 1019.87 ± 161.819 mg/h per litre and 343.70 ± 75.628 mg/h per litre, respectively. Conclusions SDs with porous silica as carrier could achieve superior oral bioavailability by improving drug dissolution, whereas drug stability could be maintained. Database : Wiley Online Library Title : Differential Hematopoietic Activity in White Adipose Tissue Depending on its Localization Author : Elodie Luche, Coralie Sengenès, Emmanuelle Arnaud, Patrick Laharrague, Louis Casteilla and Beatrice Cousin Journal : Journal of Cellular Physiology: Accepted manuscript online: 18 MAY 2015 05:51PM EST | DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25045 Abstract : White adipose tissue (WAT) can be found in different locations in the body, and these different adipose deposits exhibit specific physiopathological importance according to the subcutaneous or abdominal locations. We have shown previously the presence of functional hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT). These cells exhibit a specific hematopoietic activity that contributes to the renewal of the immune cell compartment within this adipose deposit. In this study we investigated whether HSPC can be found in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and whether a putative difference in in situ hematopoiesis may be related to anatomical location and to site-specific immune cell content in VAT compared to SCAT. Therein, we identified for the first time the presence of HSPC in VAT. Using both in vitro assays and in vivo competitive repopulation experiments with sorted HSPC from VAT or SCAT, we showed that the hematopoietic activity of HSPC was lower in VAT, compared to SCAT. In addition, this altered hematopoietic activity of HSPC in VAT was due to their microenvironment, and may be related to a specific combination of secreted factors and extracellular matrix molecules expressed by adipose derived stromal cells. Our results indicate that WAT specific hematopoietic activity may be generalized to all adipose deposits, although with specificity according to the fat pad location. Considering the abundance of WAT in the body, this emphasizes the potential importance of this hematopoietic activity in physiopathological situations. White adipose tissue (WAT) can be found in different locations in the body, and these different adipose deposits exhibit specific physiopathological importance according to the subcutaneous or abdominal locations. We have shown previously the presence of functional hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT). These cells exhibit a specific hematopoietic activity that contributes to the renewal of the immune cell compartment within this adipose deposit. In this study we investigated whether HSPC can be found in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and whether a putative difference in in situ hematopoiesis may be related to anatomical location and to site-specific immune cell content in VAT compared to SCAT. Therein, we identified for the first time the presence of HSPC in VAT. Using both in vitro assays and in vivo competitive repopulation experiments with sorted HSPC from VAT or SCAT, we showed that the hematopoietic activity of HSPC was lower in VAT, compared to SCAT. In addition, this altered hematopoietic activity of HSPC in VAT was due to their microenvironment, and may be related to a specific combination of secreted factors and extracellular matrix molecules expressed by adipose derived stromal cells. Our results indicate that WAT specific hematopoietic activity may be generalized to all adipose deposits, although with specificity according to the fat pad location. Considering the abundance of WAT in the body, this emphasizes the potential importance of this hematopoietic activity in physiopathological situations. Database : Wiley Online Library Title : GLP-2 as Beneficial Factor in the Glucose Homeostasis in Mice Fed a High Fat Diet Author : Sara Baldassano, Francesca Rappa, Antonella Amato, Francesco Cappello and Flavia Mulè Journal : Journal of Cellular Physiology: Accepted manuscript online: 12 MAY 2015 01:42PM EST | DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25039 Abstract : lucagon like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a gastrointestinal hormone released in response to dietary nutrients, which acts through a specific receptor, the GLP-2 receptor (GLP2R). The physiological effects of GLP-2 are multiple, involving also the intestinal adaptation to high fat diet (HFD). In consideration of the well-known relationship between chronic HFD and impaired glucose metabolism, in the present study we examined if the blocking of the GLP-2 signaling by chronic treatment with the GLP2R antagonist, GLP-2 (3–33), leads to functional consequences in the regulation of glucose metabolism in HFD-fed mice. lucagon like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a gastrointestinal hormone released in response to dietary nutrients, which acts through a specific receptor, the GLP-2 receptor (GLP2R). The physiological effects of GLP-2 are multiple, involving also the intestinal adaptation to high fat diet (HFD). In consideration of the well-known relationship between chronic HFD and impaired glucose metabolism, in the present study we examined if the blocking of the GLP-2 signaling by chronic treatment with the GLP2R antagonist, GLP-2 (3–33), leads to functional consequences in the regulation of glucose metabolism in HFD-fed mice. Compared with animals fed standard diet (STD), mice at the tenth week of HFD showed hyperglycaemia, glucose intolerance, high plasma insulin level after glucose load, increased pancreas weight and β cell expansion, but not insulin resistance. In HFD fed mice, GLP-2 (3-33) treatment for four weeks (from the sixth to the tenth week of diet) did not affect fasting glycaemia, but it significantly increased the glucose intolerance, both fasting and glucose-induced insulin levels, and reduced the sensitivity to insulin leading to insulin-resistance. In GLP-2 (3-33)treated HFD mice pancreas was significantly heavier and displayed a significant increase in β-cell mass in comparison with vehicle-treated HFD mice. In STD mice, the GLP-2 (3-33) treatment did not affect fasted or glucose-stimulated glycemia, insulin, insulin sensitivity, pancreas weight and beta cell mass. The present study suggests that endogenous GLP-2 may act as a protective factor against the dysregulation of the glucose metabolism that occurs in HFD mice, because GLP-2 (3-33) worsens glucose metabolism disorders. Database : Wiley Online Library Title : Complementary and alternative medicine for the prevention and treatment of migraine headache: an overview of systematic reviews Author : Paul Posadzki, Abdullah MN AlBedah, Mohamed MK Khalil, Meshari S AlQaed, Myeong S Lee, Edzard Ernst and Josip Car Journal : Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies: Volume 20, Issue 2, pages 58– 73, June 2015 Abstract : Background Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is very popular among migraineurs. Background Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is very popular among migraineurs. Objectives The aim of this article is to summarise and critically evaluate the evidence from systematic reviews (SRs) of CAM for the prevention and treatment of migraine headache. Method Ten electronic databases were searched from 1946 to August 2014. Retrieved papers were also hand-searched for relevant references. Systematic reviews were eligible for inclusion if they reported the prevention and treatment of migraine headache using any type of CAM. Oxman criteria were used to appraise the methodological quality of the included SRs. Results Thirty-three SRs, with a total of 45 886 migraine sufferers, were included in the analyses. The majority (64%) of the SRs were of high methodological quality (mean Oxman score=4.87, SD=3.96). Most (60.6%) SRs arrived at positive conclusions (16 of which were of high quality); two (6.0%) SRs arrived at negative conclusions (of which one was of high quality), and 11 (33.3%) arrived at equivocal conclusions (of which four were of high quality). The majority of the high-quality SRs (Oxman score=6–9) were based on moderate-quality RCTs. For multiple SRs, unanimously positive conclusions were reached for acupuncture and biofeedback. There was conflicting evidence regarding the effectiveness of homeopathy, herbal medicines such as Petasites hybridus and Tanacetum parthenium L., and spinal manipulative therapy. Conclusion The evidence from SRs evaluating the effectiveness of CAM for the prevention or treatment of migraine headache is mostly positive. However, several caveats should be taken into account, and only for acupuncture and biofeedback are the conclusions unanimously positive. Database : Wiley Online Library Title : Making polymeric membranes antifouling via “grafting from” polymerization of zwitterions Author : Qian Li, Joseph Imbrogno, Georges Belfort, Xiao-L