Tumor Necrosis Factor and Lymphotoxin-Polymorphisms and Severe Malaria in African Populations

Taane G. Clark,1,3,a Mahamadou Diakite,1,a Sarah Auburn,3 Susana Campino,3 Andrew E. Fry,1 Angela Green,1 Anna Richardson,1 Kerrin Small,1 Yik Y. Teo,1 Jonathan Wilson,1 Muminatou Jallow,5 Fatou Sisay-Joof,5 Margaret Pinder,5 Michael J. Griffiths,6 Norbert Peshu,6 Thomas N. Williams,2,6 Kevin Marsh,4 Malcolm E. Molyneux,4,7 Terrie E. Taylor,8,9 Kirk A. Rockett,1 and Dominic P. Kwiatkowski1,3 1Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, 2Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, 3Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, and 4Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; 5Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Fajara, The Gambia; 6Kilifi Kenya Medical Research Institute–Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; 7Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Programme of Clinical Tropical Research, and 8Blantyre Malaria Project, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi; 9Department of Internal Medicine, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing