The generic principles of imaging systems : fourier optics

This paper describes our approach to introducing the basic principles of experimental Biophotonics to undergraduates. We have centred on optical microscopy since this is fundamental to most experimental activity associated with Biophotonics whether as a research, diagnostic or therapeutic tool. The major issues associated with imaging include spatial resolution, image enhancement and image interpretation. We have elected to guide students through the principles underlying these concepts by using three linked experimental investigations. The first deals with Fourier Optics and imaging at the fundamental level including the impact of such factors as numerical aperture, illumination wavelength and spatial filtering. The second is an introduction to optical microscopy including the use of digital image capture and basic image manipulation, whilst the third investigates image enhancement techniques such as the use of fluorescent labels and specifically tailored illumination techniques.