A continuum model of drag and lift forces for inclined planes dragged through granular beds

Both drag and lift forces impact an inclined plane when it is dragged through a granular bed. In this paper, the following results have been obtained: the drag and lift forces grow with the velocity of motion; when the immersion depth is constant, the inclination angle has no effect on drag force, however, the lift force increases linearly with this inclination angle. In order to describe this physical process macroscopically, a continuum wedge model based on the Coulomb model is established to predict drag and lift forces. Particularly, the dynamic friction angle in the assumed shear band is predicted as a function of both inclined angle and moving velocity. Graphic abstract