Using socially-sensed data to infer ZIP level characteristics for the spatiotemporal analysis of drug-related health problems in Maryland.

This research investigated how socially sensed data can be used to detect ZIP level characteristics that are associated with spatial and temporal patterns of Emergency Department patients with a chief complaint and/or diagnosis of overdose or drug-related health problems for four hospitals in Baltimore and Anne Arundel County, MD during 2016–2018. Dynamic characteristics were identified using socially-sensed data (i.e., geo-tagged Twitter data) at ZIP code level over varying temporal resolutions. Data about three place-based variables including comments and concerns about crime, drug use, and negative or depressed sentiments, were extracted from tweets, along with data from four socio-environmental variables from the American Community Survey were collected to explore socio-environmental characteristics during the same period. Our study showed a statistically significant increase in adjusted rates of Emergency Department (ED) visits occurred between June and November 2017 for patients residing in ZIP codes in western Baltimore and northeastern Anne Arundel County. During this period, the three topics extracted from Twitter data were highly correlated with the ZIP codes where the patients were residing. Exploring the dynamic spatial associations between socio-environmental variables and ED visits for acute overdose assists local health officials in optimizing interventions for vulnerable locations.