Creating domestic building thermal performance ratings using smart meter data

Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) are ratings of domestic building energy performance mandated across the European Union. Their aim is to provide a reliable assessment of a building’s energy performance whilst accounting for non-building effects such as weather and occupancy. Current rating methods, based on theoretical calculations, can introduce significant error from an inability to estimate real building performance. Other methods using real energy data cannot isolate building performance from other effects due to low data resolution. The installation of smart meters in large proportions of the housing stock in EU member states presents an opportunity. Harnessing high resolution energy data can create or inform building energy performance ratings with reduced error and at scale. This critical review explores the challenges and opportunities of using smart meter data in building energy ratings, focussing primarily on quantifying the thermal performance of the building and heating system. The research gaps in this emerging field are identified including demonstrating the rating is truly independent of the behaviour of specific occupants, the additional data inputs that add the most value in combination with smart meter data, and reducing uncertainty whilst limiting the complexity of the measurement and calculation.