JINGLE -- IV. Dust, HI gas and metal scaling laws in the local Universe

Scaling laws of dust, HI gas, and metal mass with stellar mass, specific star formation rate, and metallicity are crucial to our understanding of the build-up of galaxies through their enrichment with metals and dust. In this work, we analyse how the dust and metal content varies with specific gas mass (M-HI/M-star) across a diverse sample of 423 nearby galaxies. The observed trends are interpreted with a set of Dust and Element evolUtion modelS (DEUS) - including stellar dust production, grain growth, and dust destruction - within a Bayesian framework to enable a rigorous search of the multidimensional parameter space. We find that these scaling laws for galaxies with -1.0 less than or similar to log M-HI/M-star less than or similar to 0 can be reproduced using closed-box models with high fractions (37-89 per cent) of supernova dust surviving a reverse shock, relatively low grain growth efficiencies (subset of = 30-40), and long dust lifetimes (1-2 Gyr). The models have present-day dust masses with similar contributions from stellar sources (50-80 per cent) and grain growth (20-50 per cent). Over the entire lifetime of these galaxies, the contribution from stardust (>90 per cent) outweighs the fraction of dust grown in the interstellar medium (<10 per cent). Our results provide an alternative for the chemical evolution models that require extremely low supernova dust production efficiencies and short grain growth time-scales to reproduce local scaling laws, and could help solving the conundrum on whether or not grains can grow efficiently in the interstellar medium.