Changes in Metabolites from Bovine Milk with β-Casein Variants Revealed by Metabolomics.

beta-casein is a primary protein in milk, and its variants have been associated with changes in the protein content of bovine milk. However, there has been little research focused on the effects of beta-casein variants on milk metabolites. In the present study, dairy cows producing milk with beta-casein variant A1/A1 (A1), A2/A2 (A2), and their heterozygote A1/A2 (A12) were screened by a high-resolution melting method. Individual milk samples were then collected from each of the cows, and the milk metabolites were separated and analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy- and liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry-based metabolomics techniques. Differences in metabolites among the variant groups were evaluated by multivariate statistical analysis. The relative abundances of methionine, proline, and alpha-lactose were the highest in beta-casein variant A2 milk, whereas choline, glycine, citric acid, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) showed the highest abundances in variant A1 milk. Metabolic pathways analysis indicated that the differential metabolites between variants A1 and A2 were involved in pantothenate and coenzyme A biosynthesis, butanoate metabolism, and valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis. Our results reveal the differences in milk metabolites among the beta-casein variants A1, A2, and the heterozygote. These findings, thus, provide novel insights into the effects of beta-casein variants on milk metabolites, facilitating further research into the mechanism of the biosynthesis of milk components in the mammary gland and the potential physiological function of milk associated with beta-casein variants.