Assessment of phytostabilization potential of two Salix L. clones based on the effects of heavy metals on the root anatomical traits

Willow species ( Salix L.) are a useful tool for assessing phytostabilization of the sites polluted by heavy metals. Phytostabilization potential of two willow genotypes ( Salix alba L. clone ‘68/53/1’ and Salix nigra Marshall clone ‘0408’) has been evaluated in a 45-day hydroponic experiment, using stem cuttings (diameter 12 to 14 mm, length 20 cm) exposed to two concentrations (10 −4 M and 10 −5 M) of individually applied Cd, Ni, and Pb. Metals were diluted in 25% Hoagland’s solution, in forms of CdCl 2 ·H 2 O, NiSO 4 ·6H 2 O, and Pb-EDTA. The control group of cuttings was grown in 25% Hoagland’s solution without heavy metals. High Cd concentrations in willow roots, 8637 mg/kg (clone ‘68/53/1’) and 6728 mg/kg of dry weight (clone ‘0408’), have indicated a high phytostabilization potential. However, detailed analyses of cross-sectional area of the root cortex and the central cylinder revealed that the excess concentration of Cd led to a significant reduction of measured anatomical rootʼs traits of clone ‘68/53/1’ in comparison with the control samples. Excessive concentration of Ni and Pb in nutrient solution increased the values of quantitatively measured rootʼs traits of clone ‘0408’, implying stimulatory effects of the applied concentrations. Concentration of 10 −4 M of each metal had more negative effects on the rootsʼ anatomical traits, notably on parenchymal and exodermal cells and vessels. Deposits of metals were observed in root tissues. Clone ‘0408’ demonstrated an increased tolerance to heavy metals, which could potentially make this clone useful in phytostabilization.