Lower foetal haemoglobin levels at 31- and 34-weeks post menstrual age is associated with the development of retinopathy of prematurity

Background/objectives Previous studies have suggested that lower mean foetal haemoglobin (HbF) levels is associated with an increased risk for developing retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Lower HbF levels may lead to high oxygen exposure to the developing retina thereby increasing the risk of acute ROP. In this study, we characterize the temporal relationship of HbF levels and the development of ROP. Subjects/methods This is a single institution prospective observational cohort study. Preterm infants (born <31 weeks gestational age or <1500 g) with HbF measured at birth (cord blood), 31-, 34-, and 37-weeks post menstrual age (PMA); and at least one ROP exam, were enrolled. Results A total of 60 preterm infants (28 females, 47%) were enrolled. At 31-, 34-, 37-weeks PMA, infants with ROP (mild = Type 2 or less severe and severe = Type 1 ROP) had statistically lower percentages of HbF than infants with no ROP (28.2 ± 15 and 9.7 ± 2.9 vs 67.1 ± 29.6; p < 0.0001; 23.3 ± 14.7 and 32.5 vs 60.1 ± 25; p < 0.005; 31.9 ± 15.8 and 41.6 vs 60.2 ± 20.0; p < 0.0019). Infants with HbF levels in the lowest tercile at 31-weeks PMA were 7.6 times more likely to develop mild and severe ROP (95% CI 2.1–24.0, p value = 0.0006) and this risk increased to 12.3 times (95% CI: 2.6-59.0, p value = 0.0017) at 34-weeks PMA. Conclusions Low HbF levels at 31- and 34-weeks PMA are associated with significantly increased risk of developing ROP. The decrease in HbF precedes the development of ROP and may be important in its pathogenesis.