Changes in the gut microbiota of honey bees associated with jujube flower disease.

Honeybees are prone to poisoning after collecting jujube nectar during the jujube flowering period (‘honeybee's jujube flower disease’). To explore the mechanism of honeybee poisoning, the gut microbiota of honeybees undergoing the disease were characterised based on amplicon sequencing of the 16 S rRNA gene. Our results showed that the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota were significantly altered in diseased honeybees. We observed a decrease in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and increased abundances of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria in the midgut and hindgut of diseased honeybees. Moreover, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size revealed significantly selected enrichment of Fructobacillus and Snodgrassella in the midguts from diseased honeybees and Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Snodgrassella in the hindguts from diseased honeybees. Tax4Fun anylasis indicated that the functional potential of the diseased honeybee gut bacterial community was significantly changed relative to the healthy honeybee. Carbohydrate metabolism, nucleotides metabolism, amino acid synthesis metabolism, coenzyme and vitamins metabolism were increased, while energy metabolism and xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism were decreased in the diseased honeybees. These results provide a new perspective for evaluating the response of honeybees to jujube flower disease based on changes in the intestinal microflora.