New Magnetic Fe Oxide-Carbon Based Acid Catalyst Prepared from Bio-Oil for Esterification Reactions

In this work, bio-oil (an organic matrix rich in oxygen functionalities) was used to efficiently dissolve and disperse Fe3+ which upon thermal treatment produced a carbon containing dispersed and encapsulated Fe oxide magnetic nanoparticles. These materials were prepared by dissolution of 8. 16 and 24 wt.% Fe3+ salt in bio-oil followed by treatment at 400, 450, 500 or 600 degrees C in N-2 atmosphere. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopies (TEM), elemental analysis, thermogravimetric-mass spectrometry (TG-MS), potentiometric titration, Raman and Mossbauer spectroscopies showed that Fe3+ species in bio-oil is reduced to produce magnetic nanoparticles phases: magnetite Fe3O4 and maghemite gamma-Fe2O3. At low temperatures, the iron phases were less protected, and the carbon matrix was more reactive, while in temperatures above 500 degrees C, the iron phases were more stable, however, the carbon matrix was less reactive. Reaction of these magnetic carbon materials with concentrated H2SO4 produced surface sulfonic acidic sites (ca. 1 mmol g(-1)), especially for the materials obtained at 400 and 450 degrees C. The materials were used as catalysts on esterification reaction of oleic acid with methanol at 100 degrees C and conversions of 90% were reached, however, after 2 consecutive uses, the conversion decreased to 30%, being required more studies to improve the material stability.