Agroforestry boosts soil health in the humid and sub-humid tropics: A meta-analysis

•Compared to crop monocultures soil erosion rates were reduced by 50 % under agroforestry in <5 years.•Soil organic carbon increased by 21 % under agroforestry compared to crop monocultures.•Under agroforestry soil nitrogen storage and availability of soil inorganic N increased by 13 and 46 %, respectively.•Soil inorganic phosphorus increased by 11 % under agroforestry compared to crop monocultures.