Trade integration in the European Union: Openness, interconnectedness, and distance
The North American Journal of Economics and Finance(2020)
Abstract
•We present indicators to measure regional trade integration, focusing on the EU.•We propose measures of openness, connectedness and integration.•Our methods control for the potential threat posed by the proliferation of RTAs.•Results show that integration intensifies among EU members, less so with non-members.•The speed of integration depends on whether we focus on openness or connectedness.
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Key words
Connectedness,Distance,European Union,Trade agreement,Trade integration
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