Electromagnetic Scattering by Artificial Plasma Clouds in the Ionosphere

Vaporized samarium (Sm) has been released in the ionosphere for artificially creating plasma clouds, which may be tailored as radio wave reflectors for over-the-horizon communications. The model of samarium releases needs to be further refined for filling the gap between experimental observations and theoretical simulations. A sophisticated simulation model, so far to date, for samarium release in...