4 Beta-Hydroxywithanolide E From Goldenberry (Whole Fruits Of Physalis Peruviana L.) As A Promising Agent Against Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Environmental toxicant- and oxidant-induced [e.g., cigarette smoke (CS)] respiratory oxidative stress and inflammatory response play a vital role in the onset and progression of COPD. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) represents an important mechanism for regulating intracellular oxidative stress and inflammatory response and is a promising target for developing agents against COPD. Herein, a bioactivity-guided purification of goldenberry (whole fruits of Physalis peruviana L.) led to the isolation of a novel and potent Nrf2 activator 4 beta-hydroxywithanolide E (4 beta-HWE). Our study indicated that (i) 4 beta-HWE activated the Nrf2-mediated defensive response through interrupting Nrf2-Keap1 protein-protein interaction (PPI) via modification of Cys151 and Cys288 cysteine residues in Keap1 and accordingly suppressing the ubiquitination of Nrf2. (ii) 4 beta-HWE enhanced intracellular antioxidant capacity and inhibited oxidative stress in normal human lung epithelial Beas-2B cells and wild-type AB zebrafish. (iii) 4 beta-HWE blocked LPS-stimulated inflammatory response and inhibited LPS-stimulated NF-kappa B activation in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. (iv) 4 beta-HWE effectively suppressed oxidative stress and inflammatory response in a CS-induced mice model of pulmonary injury. Collectively, these results display the feasibility of using 4 beta-HWE to prevent or alleviate the pathological progression of COPD and suggest that 4 beta-HWE is a candidate or a leading molecule against COPD.