Chemical composition of tetraploid Gynostemma pentaphyllum gypenosides and their suppression on inflammatory response by NF-B/MAPKs/AP-1 signaling pathways

The chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of gypenosides isolated from tetraploid Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP) leaves were investigated. The gypenosides accounted for 7.43 mg/g of the tested GP sample, which were composed of four major saponins including isomers of gypenoside 1 and 2 (C47H76O18), 3 (C47H76O17), and 4 (C46H74O17). Pretreatment of gypenosides reduced mRNA expressions of the proinflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells, such as IL-6, IL-1 beta, COX-2, and TNF-alpha in a dose-dependent manner. The secreted protein levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha, and NO production were also decreased by gypenosides within the concentration range of 50-200 mu g/ml. Moreover, the mechanism studies demonstrated that gypenosides (200 mu g/ml) treatment significantly inhibited the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B and activator protein 1 (c-Fos and c-Jun) through down-regulating the phosphorylation of their upstream I kappa B kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), especially that of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and extracellular regulated protein kinase(JNK and ERK), but not that of the p38 MAPK. These results suggested that the gypenosides might have potential anti-inflammatory effect and use for improving human health.