Niobium doped TiO₂ nanorod arrays as efficient electron transport materials in photovoltaic

One-dimensional (1-D) rutile TiO2 nanorod arrays (NRAs) synthesized by a hydrothermal method suffer from low electrical conductivity and large amounts of surface defects, hindering their further applications. Nb doping is thus introduced to modify their electronic properties. Results indicate that light Nb doping reduces rod nanosizes, increases electron concentrations, decreases surface defective oxides and lowers conduction band of the TiO2 NRAs, while heavy doping induces transformations of morphologies and crystalline orientations as well as occurrences of compositional deviations and low oxidative states of Ti3+. After 0.1 mol% and 1 mol% Nb incorporations, device efficiencies are substantially improved by similar to 16% and similar to 33% for the model perovskite and dye-sensitized solar cells, respectively, which are ascribed to reduced recombination at the perovsldte/TiO2 interfaces (e.g. charge lifetime increasing from 62 mu s to 107 mu s) and improved electron transport through the photoanode of TiO2 NRAs (e.g. electron diffusion length increasing from similar to 14 mu m to similar to 50 mu m). Our study verifies that Nb doped 1-D TiO2 NRAs are versatile electron transporting materials in different kinds of emerging solar cells, and are also potential for other fields including photocatalysis, sensors and batteries etc.