Direct visual targeting versus pre-set coordinates for ANT-DBS in epilepsy.

Indirect targeting based on pre-set coordinates may contribute to explain the modest effect of ANT-DBS on seizure frequency seen in the Oslo study. Observed differences between the centre of the ANT and the actual electrode position may at least in part be explained by variations in position and size of the ANT. Direct identification of the target using better MRI imaging protocols is recommended for future ANT-DBS surgery.