Time course of phthalate cumulative risks to male developmental health over a 27-year period: Biomonitoring samples of the German Environmental Specimen Bank.

•Phthalate mixture risk assessment for changing exposure patterns over 27 years.•Application of updated reference doses for anti-androgenic effects.•Use of the Hazard Index approach for five phthalates.•Analysis of the contribution of single phthalates to combined risks.•Caution against the use of HI = 1 as signalling acceptable combined exposures.•Approach for taking account of exposures to other anti-androgens.