Refeeding syndrome: update and clinical advice for prevention, diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose of review The aim of this review is to provide a brief overview of the refeeding syndrome, to discuss more recent advice on diagnosis and treatment, and to raise awareness of this still poorly understood metabolic condition. Recent findings To date, evidence regarding the refeeding syndrome has been very limited. A number of reviews and case reports exist, but only a few are randomized trials. Recently, it has been shown that the vast majority of physicians are unaware of this metabolic condition. Precise guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of this syndrome were lacking for a long time. Now, a consensus statement is available, providing guidance from experts in the field on the management of patients at increased risk of refeeding syndrome (RFS) receiving nutritional therapy. Due to the increased use of nutritional therapy in inpatient settings, physicians should be aware of possible side effects, particularly in connection with the refeeding syndrome. In this context, every patient should undergo a risk assessment for refeeding syndrome and stratification before starting nutritional therapy. For patients at high risk, nutritional support should be administered with adapted energy and fluid support during the replenishment phase. In addition, the occurrence of RFS during nutritional therapy must be continuously evaluated, and appropriate steps taken if necessary.