Organization of liver organoids using Raschig ring-like micro-scaffolds and triple co-culture: Toward modular assembly-based scalable liver tissue engineering.

•A hollowed micro-scaffold was proposed for organization of liver organoid as modular tissues.•Triple co-culture of Hep G2, TMNK-1 with 3T3 cells were recognized to be the most efficient to obtain higher cell attachment, proliferation and hepatic function in the hollowed micro-scaffold.•After scaling up in the perfusion culture, advanced albumin production, high cellular viability and in vivo-comparable cell density was obtained, which suggests the great potential of hollowed micro-scaffold-based liver organoid as modular tissues towards scaling up to implantation.