Formation of the Ce-Nd mantle array: Crustal extraction vs. recycling by subduction

•We measure new Ce-Nd isotope ratios in MORB, OIB, loess and chondrite samples.•Both chondritic and early-depleted reservoirs plot on the εCe-εNd mantle array.•The sole continental extraction does not explain the εCe-εNd mantle array.•Time-integrated recycling of surface material explains OIBs signatures.•Recycling pre-Great Oxygenation Event sediments reproduces extreme EM signatures.