Discovery of Axelopran (TD-1211): A Peripherally Restricted μ-Opioid Receptor Antagonist.

The effects of opioids in the central nervous system (CNS) provide significant benefit in the treatment of pain but can also lead to physical dependence and addiction, which has contributed to a growing opioid epidemic in the United States. Gastrointestinal dysfunction is an additional serious consequence of opioid use, and this can be treated with a localized drug distribution of a non-CNS penetrant, peripherally restricted opioid receptor antagonist. Herein, we describe the application of Theravance's multivalent approach to drug discovery coupled with a physicochemical property design strategy by which the -substituted--3-(8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl)-phenyl carboxamide series of μ-opioid receptor antagonists was optimized to afford the orally absorbed, non-CNS penetrant, Phase 3 ready clinical compound axelopran (TD-1211) as a potential treatment for opioid-induced constipation.