Microbial pathogen removal from domestic effluent using coral sand in Kiribati.

Aim Infiltration experiments aimed to show the effectivity of coral sand to remove micro-organisms in septic tank wastewater treatment system, in South Tarawa, Kiribati. Methods and Results Laboratory experiments evaluated effective microbial removal properties of a packed bed of coral beach sand conditioned with domestic effluent. Bacterial and viral indicators Escherichia coli J6-2, Enterococci faecalis and f-RNA (MS2) bacteriophage, along with viral pathogens adenovirus, echovirus, norovirus and rotavirus, were dosed (at 10(6)-10(7) CFU, PFU or genome copies per ml concentration) with effluent to unsaturated coral sand-packed columns. For the conditions simulated, all organisms showed removal efficiencies of >4-Log Removal Values (LRVs) (i.e. >99 center dot 99% effective reduction in number). Results revealed that the conditioned coral sand had a higher affinity for attenuating viruses than the bacteria tested. MS2 phage, adenovirus, echovirus, norovirus and rotavirus were absent in leachate from the base of the sand columns. E. coli J6-2 and E. faecalis were recovered at 10(0)-10(1) CFU (colony forming units) per ml in the column effluent, following a dosage of 10(6) CFU per ml. Destructive sampling of the columns after experiments revealed that a high proportion of viral pathogens were retained in the top 30 mm of the sand. Conclusions On the basis of the relative spatial distribution of trace organisms in the sand, we speculate that adsorption processes likely dominated attenuation of the viral pathogens, more so than physical straining effects. Further study is required to fully elucidate the removal mechanisms. Significance and Impact of the Study To the best of our knowledge this is the first study of the effective microbial removal capacity of coral sand under unsaturated conditions. The work represents an initial exploratory step of developing some standardized design practice of on-site wastewater treatment systems in Kiribati, to offer enhanced protection of groundwater resources and reduce diarrhoeal disease.