Structural transition of the nucleosome during chromatin remodeling and transcription

•The nucleosome structure dynamically changes during genomic DNA functions.•Chromatin remodelers drastically change the nucleosome structures.•Cryo-EM structures have revealed how the chromatin remodelers alter the DNA path on the nucleosome.•The overlapping dinucleosome is an unusual structure probably formed as consequence of the nucleosome remodeling.•Cryo-EM technology has revealed how RNA polymerase II transcribes on the nucleosomal DNA.