Nanoparticles in the aquatic environment: Usage, properties, transformation and toxicity—A review

Nanoparticles are defined as a group of particles having sizes between 1 and 100nm and characterized by some specific physicochemical properties such as surface area, surface charge, degree of agglomeration, particle morphology and surface coating. Nanoparticles have been widely used in different fields resulting in their intentional or unintentional release into the aquatic environment. This work focused on reviewing the main sources of nanoparticles in the aquatic environment, their interactions and transformation processes. This review also summarizes all the possible toxicity forms and the factors affecting nanoparticles toxicity in the aquatic environment.