A review of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy used in food adulteration and authenticity investigations

The increasing demand for food and the globalisation of the supply chain have resulted in a rise in food fraud, and recent high profile cases, such as the Chinese milk scandal in 2008 and the EU horsemeat scandal in 2013 have emphasised the vulnerability of the food supply system to adulteration and authenticity frauds. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is routinely used in cases of suspected food fraud as it offers a rapid, easy and reliable detection method for these investigations. In this review, we first present a brief summary of the concepts of food adulteration and authenticity as well as a discussion of the current legislation regarding these crimes. Thereafter, we give an extensive overview of FTIR as an analytical technique and the different foods where FTIR analysis has been employed for food fraud investigations as well as the subsequent multivariate data analyses that have been applied successfully to investigate the case of adulteration or authenticity. Finally, we give a critical discussion of the applications and limitations of FTIR, either as a standalone technique or incorporated in a test battery, in the fight against food fraud.