Lipiodol-based emulsions used for transarterial chemoembolization and drug delivery: Effects of composition on stability and product quality

Transarterial chemoembolization with emulsion-based formulations using doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) and Lipiodol® is the golden standard for the loco-regional treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, from a pharmaceutical quality perspective these emulsions are poorly characterized. In this study, clinically relevant Lipiodol®-based emulsions were characterized in terms of emulsion stability, continuous phase classification and droplet-size distribution. Also, the solubility of DOX in the different emulsion components and the distribution of DOX to the lipid phase were investigated. These are key features to investigate due to the claimed tumor–seeking properties of Lipiodol®. The in vitro release of DOX was studied in a miniaturized dialysis method and an empirical release model was applied to adjust for the passage of DOX across the dialysis membrane. The most stable emulsion (>72 h) was classified as water-in-oil (w/o), had the highest distribution of DOX to the lipid phase (20%) and an aqueous-to-lipid phase ratio of 1:4. The composition of the aqueous phase was a mixture (v/v) of iohexol (85%) and water (15%). Emulsions containing iohexol and a high aqueous-to-lipid phase ratio (1:2–1:4) displayed prolonged in vitro release profiles of DOX. This study further emphasizes the medical need to standardize these emulsion-based drug delivery systems.