Multi-modality cardiac imaging in advanced chronic kidney disease.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide and is particularly frequent among those with severe renal impairment. Early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention may help alleviate the burden of cardiovascular complication within this population. In the last years, advances have been made toward developing noninvasive imaging techniques that could offer better insight into the cardiac involvement in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Conventional transthoracic echocardiography remains the first-line investigation used to assess cardiac function, but encompassing in our daily practice, the newer approaches such as speckle-tracking imaging, cardiac computed tomography, or cardiac magnetic resonance can guide us to a more comprehensive understanding of CVD in ESRD. Given that patients with chronic kidney disease may not present with typical CVD symptoms, the amount of information brought by newer imaging techniques is crucial for an accurate diagnosis, risk stratification, and further management. The purpose of this review is to briefly summarize the specific applications of standard cardiac imaging techniques in patients with ESRD and to offer insight into the novel imaging modalities, highlighting the newest research in this field. By doing so, we aim to identify the most important imaging predictors of clinical outcomes in this population.