Application of Urine as Fuel in a Soil-based Membrane-less Single Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology is a promising bio-technology that utilizes the microorganism in organic wastes to generate electricity. Although human urine has been identified as a suitable substrate in MFCs, its possible utilization in a soil-based Membrane-less Single Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell (MSCMFC) for constant power generation has, hitherto, not been reported. In this study, a MFC was set up with mud as inoculums in a plastic cylindrical vessel using carbon felt electrodes. It was operated for 19 days (456 hours) without extra substrate. Then, the MFC was treated with human urine (as substrate) four times (Days 19, 24, 32 and 36) each time the MFC output stabilized across external loads. A control MFC (MFC control ) was made the same way and operated under the same conditions, but without addition of urine.  Both MFCs were operated for 40 days. The initial Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) of the MFC treated with urine (MFC urine ) was 227mV and that of MFC control was 219mV. Both MFCs   produced overlapping OCVs to the point of adding urine. The maximum OCVs of MFC control and MFC urine prior to treatment were 729 mV and 740 mV respectively. The OCV of MFC urine increased to a maximum value of 755 mV, four days after the initial treatment. At the final stage (Day 40), OCV of MFC urine was 474.64mV; whereas the corresponding value for MFC control was 7.31mV.  A micro chip was used to amplify the output of the MFCs to power a Light Emitting Diode. In addition, MFC urine was used to power a digital clock/thermometer. This study showed that human urine can be successfully utilized as fuel in a soil-based MSCMFC for the production of electrical energy which can be boosted to power low energy utility devices in farms or homes.