Transcriptional Activators and Repressors Coordinately Regulate Grape Berry Flesh Color.

Yan73 is a teinturier Vitis vinifera variety with red berry flesh, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its flesh coloration remain unclear. We analyzed the flavonoid metabolic and transcriptome profiles of Yan73 berry red and white flesh using HPLC-ESI-MS/MS and RNA-sequencing technologies. Anthocyanins are the main flavonoids responsible for Yan73 berry flesh color, and the coloration is coordinately regulated by the VvMYBA1 transcriptional activator and VvMYBC2-L1 transcriptional repressor. Furthermore, yeast one- and two-hybrid, dual luciferase, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays suggested that VvMYBA1 positively regulates Yan73 berry flesh color via interactions with VvWDR1 and the activation of the VvCHI3, VvOMT, and VvGST4 promoters, whereas VvMYBC2-L1 negatively regulates Yan73 berry flesh color, possibly by competing with the R2R3-MYB transcriptional activators for bHLH partners or by repressing VvOMT and VvGST4 expression. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms regulating grape flesh color.