Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel benzodiazepine derivatives as anticancer agents through inhibition of tubulin polymerization in vitro and in vivo.

A series of novel structurally-related tubulin polymerization inhibitors based on benzodiazepine were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for anticancer activity. Extensive structure modifications were performed to investigate the detailed structure and activity relationships (SARs). Most compounds exhibited potent antiproliferative activity against a panel of cancer cell lines. Among these compounds, the optimal compound, 9a, possessed the most superior activity, including cytotoxicity against five cancer cell lines (IC50 = 6–15 nM) and inhibition of tubulin polymerization (IC50 = 1.65 ± 0.11 μM). Mechanistic studies revealed that 9a could disrupt intracellular microtubule organization, arrest cell cycle at the G2/M phase and eventually induce cell apoptosis. Compound 9a exhibited good metabolic stability with a t1/2 of 161.2 min, which was much better than the reference compound CA-4. Moreover, the disodium salt of 9a, 9a-P, exhibited excellent in vivo antitumor activity in xenograft mice model with inhibitory rate of 89.3%, which was better than the reference compounds CA-4P (inhibitory rate: 52.8%) and Y–01P (inhibitory rate: 77.7%). Altogether, 9a could serve as a promising lead compound for the development of highly efficient anticancer agents.