Morphological evidence of neurotoxic effects in chicken embryos after exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and inorganic cadmium.

•The single and combined exposure to PFOA and Cd are toxic to chicken embryos.•PFOA is more toxic than Cd and both induce malformations in chicken embryos.•Neural tube and cephalic region are potential targets to these xenobiotics.•PFOA and Cd pose potential neurotoxicity to human embryos due to embryo similarity.