Structure of Membrane-Bound Huntingtin Exon 1 Reveals Membrane Interaction and Aggregation Mechanisms.

Huntington's disease is caused by a polyQ expansion in the first exon of huntingtin (Httex1). Membrane interaction of huntingtin is of physiological and pathological relevance. Using electron paramagnetic resonance and Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization, we find that the N-terminal residues 3–13 of wild-type Httex1(Q25) form a membrane-bound, amphipathic α helix. This helix is positioned in the interfacial region, where it is sensitive to membrane curvature and electrostatic interactions with head-group charges. Residues 14–22, which contain the first five residues of the polyQ region, are in a transition region that remains in the interfacial region without taking up a stable, α-helical structure. The remaining C-terminal portion is solvent exposed. The phosphomimetic S13D/S16D mutations, which are known to protect from toxicity, inhibit membrane binding and attenuate membrane-mediated aggregation of mutant Httex1(Q46) due to electrostatic repulsion. Targeting the N-terminal membrane anchor using post-translational modifications or specific binders could be a potential means to reduce aggregation and toxicity in vivo.