A new technique for motion encoding gradient-less MR elastography of the psoas major muscle: A gradient-echo type multi-echo sequence

The present study aimed to develop vibration techniques for magnetic resonance (MR) elastography (MRE) of the psoas major muscle (PM). Seven healthy volunteers were included. MRE was performed with motion-encoding gradient (MEG)-less multi-echo MRE sequence, which allows clinicians to perform MRE using conventional MR imaging. In order to transmit mechanical vibration of the pneumatic type to the PM, a long narrow vibration pad was designed using a 3D printer, and the optimum vibration techniques were verified. The vibration pad was placed under the lower back, with the volunteers in the supine position. The results indicated that the PM vibrated well through the transmitted vibration from the lumbar spine, which suggests that the placement of a narrow vibration pad under the supine body, along the lumbar spine, allows the vibration of the PM. The shear modulus of the PM (n = 7) was 1.23 ± 0.09 kPa (mean ± SEM) on the right side and 1.22 ± 0.15 kPa on the left side, with no significant difference (t-test, P > 0.05). Increased stiffness of the muscle due to continuous local contraction may be an important cause of non-specific low back pain (LBP). The present vibration techniques for MRE of the PM provide a quantitative diagnostic tool for changes in muscle stiffness associated with non-specific LBP.