Force Depression Following A Stretch-Shortening Cycle Depends On The Amount Of Residual Force Enhancement Established In The Initial Stretch Phase

Studies on residual force enhancement (rFE) and residual force depression (rFD) of the muscle-tendon unit (MTU) have typically been conducted independent of each other, with little information available on how stretch-induced rFE affects the shortening phase and the steady-state MTU isometric force at the end of stretch-shortening cycles (SSCs). We showed previously that when rFE is kept constant, but the force at the end of the stretch is varied by changing the stretch speed, the steady-state forces at the end of SSCs were the same. These results led to the hypothesis that the amount of rFE of the MTU established in the initial stretch phase of SSCs determines the steady-state force following the shortening phase of SSCs. This study was aimed at testing this hypothesis. Steady-state MTU isometric thumb adduction forces were measured for pure isometric contractions, following pure shortening contractions, following pure stretch contractions, and following SSCs with constant shortening speed and magnitude. However, two stretch magnitudes (30 degrees and 10 degrees thumb abduction) and stretch speeds (15 degrees/sec and similar to 60 degrees/sec, respectively) were chosen such that forces at the end of the stretch phase of the SSCs were the same, while rFE differed substantially. As hypothesized, the steady-state isometric MTU forces following SSCs were positively related to the stretch-magnitude dependent amount of rFE established in the stretch phase and were independent of the force reached at the end of the stretch phase in SSCs. Among many competing theories, these results can potentially be explained with the idea that there is a length-specific engagement of a passive structural element at the initial length of muscle activation.