Intraoperative continuous renal replacement therapy during liver transplantation: a pilot randomized-controlled trial (INCEPTION)

Purpose To evaluate the feasibility of intraoperative continuous renal replacement therapy (IoCRRT) during liver transplantation (LT), in terms of recruitment, protocol adherence, and ascertainment of follow-up. Methods In this pilot randomized open-label controlled trial in adults receiving LT with a Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score ≥ 25 and preoperative acute kidney injury (RIFLE - RISK or higher) and/or estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL·min −1 ·1.73 m −2 , patients were randomized to receive IoCRRT or standard of care (SOC). Primary endpoints were feasibility and adverse events. Primary analysis was intention-to-treat ( n = 32) and secondary analysis was per-protocol ( n = 28). Results The trial was stopped early because of slow patient accrual and inadequate funding. Sixty patients were enrolled and 32 (53%) were randomized ( n = 15 IoCRRT; n = 17 SOC). Mean (standard deviation) MELD was 36 (8), 81% ( n = 26) had cirrhosis; 69% ( n = 22) received preoperative RRT; 66% ( n = 21) received LT from the intensive care unit. Four patients ( n = 2 IoCRRT, n = 2 SOC) did not receive LT post-randomization. Seven patients (41%) allocated to SOC crossed over intraoperatively to IoCRRT. Three patients were lost to follow-up at one year. No adverse events occurred related to IoCRRT. There were no differences in survival at one year (IoCRRT, 71% [ n = 10/14] vs SOC, 93% [ n = 14/15]; risk ratio, 0.77; 95% confidence interval, 0.54 to 1.1). In the per-protocol analysis ( n = 28 received IoCRRT after randomization - n = 20 IoCRRT, n = 8 SOC), one-year survival was 92% and perioperative complications were similar between groups. Only one patient was receiving dialysis one year after LT. Conclusion In this pilot randomized trial, IoCRRT was feasible and safe with no difference in complications. Crossover rates were high. Despite high preoperative severity of illness, one-year survival was excellent. These data can inform the design of a larger multicentre trial. Trial registration www.clinicalTrials.gov (NCT01575015); registered 12 April, 2012.