The Simons Observatory: Astro2020 Decadal Project Whitepaper

The Simons Observatory Collaboration,Abitbol Maximilian H.,Adachi Shunsuke,Ade Peter,Aguirre James,Ahmed Zeeshan,Aiola Simone,Ali Aamir,Alonso David,Alvarez Marcelo A.,Arnold Kam,Ashton Peter,Atkins Zachary,Austermann Jason,Awan Humna,Baccigalupi Carlo,Baildon Taylor,Lizancos Anton Baleato,Barron Darcy,Battaglia Nick,Battye Richard,Baxter Eric,Bazarko Andrew,Beall James A.,Bean Rachel,Beck Dominic,Beckman Shawn,Beringue Benjamin,Bhandarkar Tanay,Bhimani Sanah,Bianchini Federico,Boada Steven,Boettger David,Bolliet Boris,Bond J. Richard,Borrill Julian,Brown Michael L.,Bruno Sarah Marie,Bryan Sean,Calabrese Erminia,Calafut Victoria,Calisse Paolo,Carron Julien, Carl Fred. M,Cayuso Juan,Challinor Anthony,Chesmore Grace,Chinone Yuji,Chluba Jens,Cho Hsiao-Mei Sherry,Choi Steve,Clark Susan,Clarke Philip,Contaldi Carlo,Coppi Gabriele,Cothard Nicholas F.,Coughlin Kevin,Coulton Will,Crichton Devin,Crowley Kevin D.,Crowley Kevin T.,Cukierman Ari,D'Ewart John M.,Dünner Rolando,de Haan Tijmen,Devlin Mark,Dicker Simon,Dober Bradley,Duell Cody J.,Duff Shannon,Duivenvoorden Adri,Dunkley Jo,Bouhargani Hamza El,Errard Josquin,Fabbian Giulio,Feeney Stephen,Fergusson James,Ferraro Simone,Fluxà Pedro,Freese Katherine,Frisch Josef C.,Frolov Andrei,Fuller George,Galitzki Nicholas,Gallardo Patricio A.,Ghersi Jose Tomas Galvez,Gao Jiansong,Gawiser Eric,Gerbino Martina,Gluscevic Vera,Goeckner-Wald Neil,Golec Joseph,Gordon Sam,Gralla Megan,Green Daniel,Grigorian Arpi,Groh John,Groppi Chris,Guan Yilun,Gudmundsson Jon E.,Halpern Mark,Han Dongwon,Hargrave Peter,Harrington Kathleen,Hasegawa Masaya,Hasselfield Matthew,Hattori Makoto,Haynes Victor,Hazumi Masashi,Healy Erin,Henderson Shawn W.,Hensley Brandon,Hervias-Caimapo Carlos,Hill Charles A.,Hill J. Colin,Hilton Gene,Hilton Matt,Hincks Adam D.,Hinshaw Gary,Hložek Renée,Ho Shirley,Ho Shuay-Pwu Patty,Hoang Thuong D.,Hoh Jonathan,Hotinli Selim C.,Huang Zhiqi,Hubmayr Johannes,Huffenberger Kevin,Hughes John P.,Ijjas Anna,Ikape Margaret,Irwin Kent,Jaffe Andrew H.,Jain Bhuvnesh,Jeong Oliver,Johnson Matthew,Kaneko Daisuke,Karpel Ethan D.,Katayama Nobuhiko,Keating Brian,Keskitalo Reijo,Kisner Theodore,Kiuchi Kenji,Klein Jeff,Knowles Kenda,Kofman Anna,Koopman Brian,Kosowsky Arthur,Krachmalnicoff Nicoletta,Kusaka Akito, LaPlante Phil,Lashner Jacob,Lee Adrian,Lee Eunseong,Lewis Antony,Li Yaqiong,Li Zack,Limon Michele,Linder Eric,Liu Jia,Lopez-Caraballo Carlos,Louis Thibaut,Lungu Marius,Madhavacheril Mathew,Mak Daisy,Maldonado Felipe,Mani Hamdi,Mates Ben,Matsuda Frederick,Maurin Loïc,Mauskopf Phil,May Andrew,McCallum Nialh,McCarrick Heather,McKenney Chris,McMahon Jeff,Meerburg P. Daniel,Mertens James,Meyers Joel,Miller Amber,Mirmelstein Mark,Moodley Kavilan,Moore Jenna,Munchmeyer Moritz,Munson Charles,Murata Masaaki,Naess Sigurd,Namikawa Toshiya,Nati Federico,Navaroli Martin,Newburgh Laura,Nguyen Ho Nam,Nicola Andrina,Niemack Mike,Nishino Haruki,Nishinomiya Yume,Orlowski-Scherer John,Pagano Luca,Partridge Bruce,Perrotta Francesca,Phakathi Phumlani,Piccirillo Lucio,Pierpaoli Elena,Pisano Giampaolo,Poletti Davide,Puddu Roberto,Puglisi Giuseppe,Raum Chris,Reichardt Christian L.,Remazeilles Mathieu,Rephaeli Yoel,Riechers Dominik,Rojas Felipe,Rotti Aditya,Roy Anirban,Sadeh Sharon,Sakurai Yuki,Salatino Maria,Rao Mayuri Sathyanarayana,Saunders Lauren,Schaan Emmanuel,Schmittfull Marcel,Sehgal Neelima,Seibert Joseph,Seljak Uros,Shellard Paul,Sherwin Blake,Shimon Meir,Sierra Carlos,Sievers Jonathan,Sifon Cristobal,Sikhosana Precious,Silva-Feaver Maximiliano,Simon Sara M.,Sinclair Adrian,Smith Kendrick,Sohn Wuhyun,Sonka Rita,Spergel David,Spisak Jacob,Staggs Suzanne T.,Stein George,Stevens Jason R.,Stompor Radek,Suzuki Aritoki,Tajima Osamu,Takakura Satoru,Teply Grant,Thomas Daniel B.,Thorne Ben,Thornton Robert,Trac Hy,Treu Jesse,Tsai Calvin,Tucker Carole,Ullom Joel,Vagnozzi Sunny,van Engelen Alexander,Van Lanen Jeff,Van Winkle Daniel D.,Vavagiakis Eve M.,Vergès Clara,Vissers Michael,Wagoner Kasey,Walker Samantha,Wang Yuhan,Ward Jon,Westbrook Ben,Whitehorn Nathan,Williams Jason,Williams Joel,Wollack Edward,Xu Zhilei,Yasini Siavash,Young Edward,Yu Byeonghee,Yu Cyndia,Zago Fernando,Zannoni Mario,Zhang Hezi,Zheng Kaiwen,Zhu Ningfeng,Zonca Andrea

Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society(2019)

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Abstract
The Simons Observatory (SO) is a ground-based cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiment sited on Cerro Toco in the Atacama Desert in Chile that promises to provide breakthrough discoveries in fundamental physics, cosmology, and astrophysics. Supported by the Simons Foundation, the Heising-Simons Foundation, and with contributions from collaborating institutions, SO will see first light in 2021 and start a five year survey in 2022. SO has 287 collaborators from 12 countries and 53 institutions, including 85 students and 90 postdocs. The SO experiment in its currently funded form ('SO-Nominal') consists of three 0.4 m Small Aperture Telescopes (SATs) and one 6 m Large Aperture Telescope (LAT). Optimized for minimizing systematic errors in polarization measurements at large angular scales, the SATs will perform a deep, degree-scale survey of 10% of the sky to search for the signature of primordial gravitational waves. The LAT will survey 40% of the sky with arc-minute resolution. These observations will measure (or limit) the sum of neutrino masses, search for light relics, measure the early behavior of Dark Energy, and refine our understanding of the intergalactic medium, clusters and the role of feedback in galaxy formation. With up to ten times the sensitivity and five times the angular resolution of the Planck satellite, and roughly an order of magnitude increase in mapping speed over currently operating ("Stage 3") experiments, SO will measure the CMB temperature and polarization fluctuations to exquisite precision in six frequency bands from 27 to 280 GHz. SO will rapidly advance CMB science while informing the design of future observatories such as CMB-S4.
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Key words
astro2020 decadal project whitepaper,simons observatory
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