Metabolomics in the Diagnosis of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma.

Metabolomics refers to the detection and measurement of small molecules (metabolites) within biological systems, and is therefore a powerful tool for identifying dysfunctional cellular physiologies. For pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs), metabolomics has the potential to become a routine addition to histology and genomics for precise diagnostic evaluation. Initial metabolomic studies of ex vivo tumors confirmed, as expected, succinate accumulation in PPGLs associated with pathogenic variants in genes encoding succinate dehydrogenase subunits or their assembly factors ( SDHx ). Metabolomics has now shown utility in clarifying SDHx variants of uncertain significance, as well as the accurate diagnosis of PPGLs associated with fumarate hydratase ( FH ), isocitrate dehydrogenase ( IDH ), malate dehydrogenase ( MDH2 ) and aspartate transaminase ( GOT2 ). The emergence of metabolomics resembles the advent of genetic testing in this field, which began with single-gene discoveries in research laboratories but is now done by standardized massively parallel sequencing (targeted panel/exome/genome testing) in pathology laboratories governed by strict credentialing and governance requirements. In this setting, metabolomics is poised for rapid translation as it can utilize existing infrastructure, namely liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), for the measurement of catecholamine metabolites. Metabolomics has also proven tractable to in vivo diagnosis of SDH-deficient PPGLs using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). The future of metabolomics - embedded as a diagnostic tool - will require adoption by pathologists to shepherd development of standardized assays and sample preparation, reference ranges, gold standards, and credentialing.