Differentiation of Urothelium from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Chemically Defined Conditions.

The urothelium of the bladder and urethra are derived from the definitive endoderm during development. Cellular signaling molecules important to the developmental specification of the urothelium are also implicated in the dysregulation of the tissue repair mechanism characteristic of bladder disease. Hence, a complete understanding of the regulation of urothelium development is central to understanding the processes of bladder disease, and in development of simple chemically defined methods for use in regenerative medicine. Key to this is a suitable in vitro model that readily allows for the prosecution of biologically pertinent questions. Here a method for differentiating urothelium from mouse embryonic stem cells in chemically defined conditions is described. The method includes a description of flow cytometry and RT-PCR analysis of definitive endoderm markers Cxcr4, c-Kit, and FoxA2, and of terminally differentiated urothelial cell markers Upk1b and Upk2.