Theabrownin from Pu-erh tea together with swinging exercise synergistically ameliorates obesity and insulin resistance in rats

Purpose Theabrownin (TB)-containing Pu-erh tea has been shown to be hypolipidemic in rats fed a high-fat diet. Physical exercise such as swinging is also known to reduce obesity. We hypothesized that TB in combination with swinging can synergistically ameliorate obesity and insulin resistance in rats with metabolic syndrome. Methods TB, rosiglitazone, or lovastatin (controls) was administered by gavage to rats fed a diet high in fat, sugar, and salt. A subgroup of the rats was subjected to a 30-min daily swinging exercise regimen, whereas the other rats did not exercise. Results Theabrownin in combination with swinging was found to significantly improve serum lipid status and prevent development of obesity and insulin resistance in rats. Liver transcriptomics data suggested that theabrownin activated circadian rhythm, protein kinase A, the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, and insulin signaling pathways by enhancing cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels and, hence, accelerating nutrient metabolism and the consumption of sugar and fat. The serum dopamine levels in rats increased significantly after exercise. In parallel work, intraperitoneal dopamine injections were shown to significantly reduce weight gain and prevent the elevation in triglyceride levels that would otherwise be induced by the high fat-sugar–salt diet. Theabrownin prevented obesity and insulin resistance mainly by affecting the circadian rhythm, while swinging exercise stimulated the overproduction of dopamine to accelerate metabolism of glucose and lipid. Conclusions Theabrownin and exercise synergistically ameliorated metabolic syndrome in rats and effectively prevented obesity.